Frank,
Some thoughts....
In say xl2007 >> Review tab >>Changes you will find an option to 'Allow users to edit ranges'
Using that you can select a range of cells you wish to be edited and set a password to permit.
Then you would need to protect the sheet but allowing 'Select locked cells'.
User attempting to edit such cells will be asked for PW. Editing other cells will be denied.
The problem is that once the cells are unlocked by the password they remain unlocked until your user re-protects.
Will your users be disciplined enough to re-protect after use?
If not then you will need to use some simple vba, either to control the whole thing or just to ensure that the cells are locked down again after use.
However, to do that you would need to be able to identify when to do it, what is the event to trigger it, or could provide a one click button for user.
Hope that helps.