You can do this with VBA as Aladin, Mark, and lenze suggested. Here is a simple example, although your question was not clear as to whether your data is numeric, text, dates, etc. This code uses a select case structure for cell A1's interior color index (cell shading), depending on what number is entered into A1. You can expand the conditions as needed.
Right click on your sheet tab, left click on View Code, and paste this in:
Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range)
If Target.Address <> "$A$1" Or Target.Cells.Count > 1 Then Exit Sub
Select Case [A1].Value
Case 1
Target.Interior.ColorIndex = 3
Case 2
Target.Interior.ColorIndex = 6
Case 3
Target.Interior.ColorIndex = 8
Case 4
Target.Interior.ColorIndex = 22
Case 5
Target.Interior.ColorIndex = 25
Case Else
Target.Interior.ColorIndex = 15
End Select
End Sub
Is this any help for what you were requesting?