If the Cost From dates are in chronological order, VLOOKUP will find the closest match that doesn't exceed the lookup value.
<br /><table cellpadding="2.5px" rules="all" style=";background-color: #FFFFFF;border: 1px solid;border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #A6AAB6"><colgroup><col width="25px" style="background-color: #E0E0F0" /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr style=" background-color: #E0E0F0;text-align: center;color: #161120"><th></th><th>A</th><th>B</th><th>C</th><th>D</th><th>E</th><th>F</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">1</td><td style="font-weight: bold;text-align: center;;">Cost From</td><td style="font-weight: bold;text-align: center;;">Cost To</td><td style="font-weight: bold;text-align: center;;">Cost Period</td><td style="text-align: right;;"></td><td style="text-align: right;;"></td><td style="text-align: right;;"></td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">2</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: right;;"></td><td style="text-align: right;;"></td><td style="text-align: right;;"></td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">3</td><td style="text-align: center;;">01/08/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">28/08/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">Y1011_P05</td><td style="text-align: right;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;background-color: #FFFF00;;">30/08/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;background-color: #FFFF99;;">Y1011_P06</td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">4</td><td style="text-align: center;;">29/08/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">25/09/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;background-color: #FFFF99;;">Y1011_P06</td><td style="text-align: right;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">5</td><td style="text-align: center;;">26/09/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">30/10/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">Y1011_P07</td><td style="text-align: right;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><table cellpadding="2.5px" rules="all" style=";border: 2px solid black;border-collapse:collapse;padding: 0.4em;background-color: #FFFFFF" ><tr><td style="padding:6px" ><b>Worksheet Formulas</b><table cellpadding="2.5px" width="100%" rules="all" style="border: 1px solid;text-align:center;background-color: #FFFFFF;border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #A6AAB6"><thead><tr style=" background-color: #E0E0F0;color: #161120"><th width="10px">Cell</th><th style="text-align:left;padding-left:5px;">Formula</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th width="10px" style=" background-color: #E0E0F0;color: #161120">F3</th><td style="text-align:left">=VLOOKUP(<font color="Blue">E3,A:C,3,</font><font color="Red">1</font>)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></table><br />
Note the last argument (1) in the VLOOKUP Formula that indicates find closest match.